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Contact languages pidgins and creoles
Contact languages pidgins and creoles











These differences persisted even after controlling for important student demographic differences such as grade, gender, school type, and indicators of socioeconomic and cultural status. Self-identifying native-English speakers performed significantly below the 2009 PISA OECD mean of 500 and reflected a high degree of volatility in performance. Findings showed large and significant differences between “self-identifying native” and “self-identifying non-native” speakers of English with higher mean scores for the former group in all three assessed areas of literacy as measured in English.

contact languages pidgins and creoles contact languages pidgins and creoles contact languages pidgins and creoles

Results indicated that the majority of students self-identified as English speakers despite the predominant use of non-Standard English in their home country. In this study, we examined the way in which 3,184 15-year old 9th and 10th grade Trinidadian bidialectal adolescent youth self-identified linguistically on the 2009 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) literacy assessment and explored their reading, math and science literacy performance based on their self-identification as native English and non-native English speaking students.













Contact languages pidgins and creoles